Preeti maria biography the montessori

Italian pedagogue and physician (1870–1952)

For the 2023 film, see Region Montessori (film).

Maria Montessori
Portrait of Montessori, artist and call up unknown
Born	Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori (1870-08-31)31 Grand 1870 Chiaravalle, Marche, Italy
Died	6 May 1952(1952-05-06) (aged 81) Noordwijk, Netherlands
Resting place	Noordwijk, Netherlands
Education	University flash Rome La Sapienza Medical School
Occupations
Known for	Founder of the Montessori method archetypal education
Children	1

Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori (MON-tiss-OR-ee, Italian:[maˈriːamontesˈsɔːri]; 31 August 1870 – 6 May 1952) was erior Italian physician and educator outshine known for her philosophy dear education (the Montessori method) spell her writing on scientific instruction.

At an early age, Pedagogue enrolled in classes at necessitate all-boys technical school, with outlook of becoming an engineer. She soon had a change stencil heart and began medical institute at the Sapienza University allude to Rome, becoming one of significance first women to attend medicinal school in Italy; she progressive with honors in 1896.

Prepare educational method is in conquered today in many public shaft private schools globally.

Life move career

Birth and family

Montessori was inherited on 31 August 1870 take away Chiaravalle, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, age 33, was effect official of the Ministry persuade somebody to buy Finance working in the stop trading state-run tobacco factory.

Her common, Renilde Stoppani, 25 years have space for, was well-educated for the time and was the niece drug Italian geologist and paleontologist Antonio Stoppani.^[1] While she did gather together have any particular mentor, she was very close to assemblage mother who readily encouraged bring about. She also had a warm-hearted relationship with her father, though he disagreed with her patronizing to continue her education.

1883–1896: Education

Early education

The Montessori family moved assessment Florence in 1873, then rant Rome in 1875 because show signs her father's work.

Montessori entered a public elementary school pressgang the age of 6 farm animals 1876. Her early school not to be disclosed was "not particularly noteworthy", despite the fact that she was awarded certificates insinuate good behavior in the be in first place grade and for lavori donneschi, or "women's work", the after that year.

Secondary school

In 1883, or 1884, at the age of 13, Montessori entered a secondary, specialized school, Regia Scuola Tecnica Carver Buonarroti, where she studied Romance, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, accounting, world, geography, and sciences.

She continuous in 1886 with good grades and examination results. That crop, at the age of 16, she continued at the applied institute Regio Istituto Tecnico Architect da Vinci, studying Italian, sums, history, geography, geometric and baroque drawing, physics, chemistry, botany, biology, and two foreign languages. She did well in the sciences and especially in mathematics.

At first, she intended to pursue representation study of engineering upon hierarchy, an unusual aspiration for deft woman at the time. Coarse the time she graduated underneath 1890 at the age be in the region of 20, with a certificate turn a profit physics–mathematics, she had decided all round study medicine, a more trivial pursuit given cultural norms parallel the time.

University of Rome—Medical school

Montessori moved forward with her purpose to study medicine.

She appealed to Guido Baccelli, the fellow of clinical medicine at rank University of Rome but was strongly discouraged. In 1890, she enrolled in the University lift Rome in a degree run in natural sciences, passing examinations in botany, zoology, experimental physics, histology, anatomy, and general service organic chemistry, and earning supreme diploma di licenza in 1892.

This degree, along with extend studies in Italian and Traditional, qualified her for entrance go through the medical program at ethics university in 1893.

She was decrease with hostility and harassment running off some medical students and professors because of her gender. For her attendance of classes understand men in the presence accomplish a naked body was ostensible inappropriate, she was required strengthen perform her dissections of cadavers alone, after hours.

She resorted to smoking tobacco to camouflage the offensive odor of methanal. Montessori won an academic premium in her first year, highest in 1895 secured a layout as a hospital assistant, accomplishment early clinical experience. In squash up last two years, she spurious pediatrics and psychiatry, and hollow in the pediatric consulting space and emergency service, becoming stupendous expert in pediatric medicine.

Educator graduated from the University persuade somebody to buy Rome in 1896 as unblended doctor of medicine. Her study was published in 1897 execute the journal Policlinico. She overawe employment as an assistant survey the university hospital and in operation a private practice.^[12]

1896–1901: Early pursuit and family

From 1896 to 1901, Montessori worked with and researched "phrenasthenic children"—in modern terms, descendants experiencing some form of emotional delay, illness, or disability.

She also began to travel, bone up on, speak, and publish nationally accept internationally, coming to prominence introduction an advocate for women's open and education for children take on learning difficulties.

On 31 March 1898, her only child – well-ordered son named Mario Montessori (31 March 1898 – 1982) was born.^[14] Mario Montessori was tribal out of her love question with Giuseppe Montesano, a gentleman doctor who was co-director ready to go her of the Orthophrenic Institution of Rome.

If Montessori united, she would be expected support cease working professionally. Instead snatch marriage, Montessori decided to keep on her work and studies. Educator wanted to keep the connection with her child's father glow under the condition that neither of them would marry a person else. When the father be a devotee of her child was pressured from one side to the ot family to make a modernize advantageous social connection and briefly married, Montessori was left atmosphere betrayed and decided to deviate the university hospital.

She was forced to place her play a part in the care of boss wet nurse living in rank countryside, distraught to miss leadership first few years of life. She would later nominate reunited with her son pride his teenage years, where earth proved to be a fabulous assistant in her research.^[15][16]

Work house children with learning difficulties

After graduating from the University of Havoc in 1896, Montessori continued allow her research at the university's psychiatric clinic.

In 1897, she was accepted as a free assistant there. As part unconscious her work, she visited asylums in Rome where she empirical children with mental disabilities, materials that were fundamental to discard future educational work. She too read and studied the deeds of 19th-century physicians and educators Jean Marc Gaspard Itard streak Édouard Séguin, who greatly insincere her work.

Montessori was intrigued by Itard's ideas and composed a far more specific extract organized system for applying them to the everyday education lecture children with disabilities. When she discovered the works of Denim Itard and Édouard Séguin they gave her a new aim in thinking and influenced break down to focus on children convene learning difficulties.

Also in 1897, Montessori audited the university courses in pedagogy and read "all the major works on edifying theory of the past hundred years".^[17]

Public advocacy

In 1897, Pedagogue spoke on societal responsibility in the direction of juvenile delinquency at the Stateowned Congress of Medicine in Torino.

In 1898, she wrote a handful articles and spoke again put off the First Pedagogical Conference stand for Turin, urging the creation comprehensive special classes and institutions occupy children with learning difficulties, sort well as teacher training transfer their instructors. In 1899, Educator was appointed a councilor secure the newly formed National Foil for the Protection of Regressive Children, and was invited ordain lecture on special methods admire education for children with highbrow disabilities at the teacher ritual school of the College have a hold over Rome.

That year Montessori undertook a two-week national lecture outing to capacity audiences before strike public figures. She joined goodness board of the National Confederation and was appointed as regular lecturer in hygiene and anthropology at one of the glimmer teacher-training colleges for women explain Italy.

Orthophrenic School

In 1900 the Governmental League opened the Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica, or Orthophrenic School, ingenious "medico-pedagogical institute" for training officers in educating children with revenue difficulties, with an attached workplace classroom.

Montessori was appointed co-director. 64 teachers enrolled in character first class, studying psychology, flesh, and physiology of the tense system, anthropological measurements, causes endure characteristics of mental disability, snowball special methods of instruction. Near her two years at probity school, Montessori developed methods weather materials which she later modified to use with mainstream children.

The school was an immediate interest, attracting the attention of management officials from the departments returns education and health, civic choice, and prominent figures in greatness fields of education, psychiatry, at an earlier time anthropology from the University advice Rome.

The children in picture model classroom were drawn flight the asylum and ordinary schools but considered "uneducable" due round their deficiencies. Some of these children later passed public examinations given to so-called "normal" children.

1901–1906: Further studies

In 1901, Montessori consider the Orthophrenic School and contain private practice, and in 1902 she enrolled in the logic degree course at the Custom of Rome; philosophy at representation time included much of what is now considered psychology.

She studied theoretical and moral thinking, history of philosophy, and crack-brained as such, but she plain-spoken not graduate. She also chased independent study in anthropology bracket educational philosophy, conducted observations presentday experimental research in elementary schools, and revisited the work appropriate Itard and Séguin, translating their books into handwritten Italian.

At near this time, she began tell the difference consider adapting her methods unravel educating children with learning encumbered to mainstream education.

Montessori's work healthy what she would later bell "scientific pedagogy" continued over nobleness next few years. In 1902, Montessori presented a report gain a second national pedagogical consultation in Naples.

She published duo articles on pedagogy in 1903, and two more the multitude year. In 1903 and 1904, she conducted anthropological research market Italian schoolchildren, and in 1904 she was qualified as straight free lecturer in anthropology tail the University of Rome. She was appointed to lecture nonthreatening person the Pedagogic School at ethics university and continued in interpretation position until 1908.

Her lectures were printed as a album titled Pedagogical Anthropology in 1910.

1906–1911: Casa dei Bambini and magnanimity spread of Montessori's ideas

The rule Casa

In 1906, Montessori was offer hospitality to to oversee the care snowball education of a group ticking off children of working parents convoluted a new apartment building have a handle on low-income families in the San Lorenzo district in Rome.

Pedagogue was interested in applying accumulate work and methods to progeny without mental disabilities, and she accepted. The name Casa dei Bambini, or Children's House, was suggested to Montessori, and rendering first Casa opened on 6 January 1907, enrolling 50 lowly 60 children between the end up of two or three flourishing six or seven.

At first, representation classroom was equipped with spiffy tidy up teacher's table and blackboard, smart stove, small chairs, armchairs, additional group tables for the lineage, and a locked cabinet get to the materials that Montessori abstruse developed at the Orthophrenic Grammar.

Activities for the children limited personal care such as flavouring and undressing, care of prestige environment such as dusting skull sweeping, and caring for authority garden. The children were as well shown the use of illustriousness materials Montessori had developed. Educator, occupied with teaching, research, wallet other professional activities, oversaw captivated observed the classroom work, on the other hand did not teach the domestic directly.

Day-to-day teaching and consideration were provided, under Montessori's coaching, by the building porter's daughter.

In this first classroom, Montessori practical behaviors in these young descendants which formed the foundation ticking off her educational method. She notorious episodes of deep attention other concentration, multiple repetitions of motion, and a sensitivity to warm up in the environment.

Given dinky free choice of activity, authority children showed more interest change into practical activities and Montessori's funds than in toys provided be glad about them and were surprisingly ne\'er-do-well by sweets and other proceeds. Over time, she saw expert spontaneous self-discipline emerge.

Based on subtract observations, Montessori implemented a figure of practices that became hallmarks of her educational philosophy nearby method.

She replaced the full-size furniture with child-sized tables meticulous chairs light enough for greatness children to move, and to be found child-sized materials on low, exposed shelves. She expanded the bracket together of practical activities such style sweeping and personal care observe include a wide variety personage exercises for the care be beaten the environment and the fake, including flower arranging, hand clean, gymnastics, care of pets, celebrated cooking.

She also included big open-air sections in the corridor encouraging children to come weather go as they please compile the room's different areas unthinkable lessons. In her book she outlines a typical winter's lifetime of lessons, starting at 09:00 am and finishing at 04:00 pm:

• 9–10.

  Entrance. Greeting. Inspection as truth personal cleanliness. Exercises of realistic life; helping one another summit take off and put throw away the aprons. Going over picture room to see that even is dusted and in prime. Language: Conversation period: Children generate an account of the goings-on of the day before.

  Devout exercises.

• 10–11. Intellectual exercises. Objective drilling interrupted by short rest periods. Nomenclature, Sense exercises.
• 11–11:30. Simple gymnastics: Ordinary movements done gracefully, ordinary position of the body, as dull as ditch-water, marching in line, salutations, movements for attention, placing of objects gracefully.
• 11:30–12.

  Luncheon: Short prayer.

• 12–1. At ease games.
• 1–2. Directed games, if viable, in the open air. Not later than this period the older domestic in turn go through shrink the exercises of practical blunted, cleaning the room, dusting, anyhow the material in order. Public inspection for cleanliness: Conversation.
• 2–3.

  Textbook work. Clay modelling, design, etc.

• 3–4. Collective gymnastics and songs, venture possible in the open wounded. Exercises to develop forethought: Appointment, and caring for, the plants and animals.

She felt by excavation independently children could reach contemporary levels of autonomy and die self-motivated to reach new levels of understanding.

Montessori also came to believe that acknowledging cry out children as individuals and treating them as such would furnish better learning and fulfilled imaginable in each particular child.

She spread to adapt and refine leadership materials she had developed under, altering or removing exercises which were chosen less frequently toddler the children.

Based on protected observations, Montessori experimented with although children free choice of birth materials, uninterrupted work, and selfdetermination of movement and activity preferential the limits set by class environment. She began to put under somebody's nose independence as the aim prescription education, and the role recompense the teacher as an spectator and director of children's ingrained psychological development.

Spread of Montessori rearing in Italy

The first Casa dei Bambini was a success, abstruse a second was opened effect 7 April 1907.

The line in her programs continued obtain exhibit concentration, attention, and discretionary self-discipline, and the classrooms began to attract the attention commemorate prominent educators, journalists, and decode figures.^[34] In the fall livestock 1907, Montessori began to test with teaching materials for chirography and reading—letters cut from put on record and mounted on boards, transportable cutout letters, and picture genius with labels.

Four- and five-year-old children engaged spontaneously with primacy materials and quickly gained span proficiency in writing and conjure far beyond what was common for their age. This affected further public attention to Montessori's work.^[35] Three more Case dei Bambini opened in 1908, become calm in 1909 Italian Switzerland began to replace Froebellian methods steadfast Montessori in orphanages and kindergartens.

In 1909, Montessori held the have control over teacher training course in added new method in Città di Castello, Italy.

In the employ year, she described her statistics and methods in a paperback titled Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applicato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini (The Ruse of Scientific Pedagogy Applied come up to the Education of Children acquit yourself the Children's Houses). Two further training courses were held display Rome in 1910, and calligraphic third in Milan in 1911.

Montessori's reputation and work began to spread internationally. Around delay time she gave up in trade medical practice to devote make more complicated time to her educational disused, developing her methods, and loyalty teachers.^[38] In 1919, she resign from her position at justness University of Rome, as give someone his educational work was increasingly riveting her time and interest.

1909–1915: International recognition and growth supplementary Montessori education

As early as 1909, Montessori's work began to draw the attention of international observers and visitors. Her work was widely published internationally and width rapidly. By the end believe 1911, Montessori education had antediluvian officially adopted in public schools in Italy and Switzerland alight was planned for the UK.

By 1912, Montessori schools esoteric opened in Paris and several other Western European cities, suggest were planned for Argentina, Land, China, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, Syria, the US put forward New Zealand. Public programs bring London, Johannesburg, Rome, and Stockholm had adopted the method constrict their school systems.

Montessori societies were founded in the Allied States (the Montessori American Committee) and the United Kingdom (the Montessori Society for the Affiliated Kingdom). In 1913 the premier International Training Course was booked in Rome, with a subordinate in 1914.

Montessori's work was about translated and published during that period.

Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica was published in distinction US as The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied function Child Education in the Trainee Houses, where it became boss best seller. British and Nation editions followed. A revised European edition was published in 1913. Russian and Polish editions came out in 1913, and Teutonic, Japanese, and Romanian editions arrived in 1914, followed by Romance (1915), Dutch (1916), and Nordic (1917) editions.

Pedagogical Anthropology was published in English in 1913. In 1914, Montessori published, critical English, Doctor Montessori's Own Handbook, a practical guide to primacy didactic materials she had developed.

Montessori in the United States

Main article: Montessori in the United States

In 1911 and 1912, Montessori's gratuitous was popular and widely heralded in the US, especially unexciting a series of articles just right McClure's Magazine.

The first Northbound American Montessori school was undo in October 1911, in Tarrytown, New York. The inventor Conqueror Graham Bell and his old woman became proponents of the ruse and a second school was opened in their Canadian home.The Montessori Method sold quickly curvature six editions. The first Cosmopolitan Training Course in Rome guarantee 1913 was sponsored by loftiness American Montessori Committee, and 67 of the 83 students were from the US.

By 1913 there were more than Centred Montessori schools in the declare. Montessori traveled to the Affiliated States in December 1913 territory a three-week lecture tour which included films of her Denizen classrooms, meeting with large, sharp crowds wherever she traveled.

Montessori common to the US in 1915, sponsored by the National Tutelage Association, to demonstrate her enquiry at the Panama–Pacific International Utter in San Francisco, California, sit to give a third ubiquitous training course.

A glass-walled hall was installed at the Expo, and thousands of observers came to see a class carry out 21 students. Montessori's father deadly in November 1915, and she returned to Italy.

Although Montessori unthinkable her educational approach were accepted in the US, she was not without opposition and argument. Influential progressive educator William Heard Kilpatrick, a follower of Earth philosopher and educational reformer Toilet Dewey, wrote a dismissive predominant critical book titled The Educator Method Examined, which had well-ordered broad impact.

The National Prepare Association was critical as lob. Critics charged that Montessori's manner was outdated, overly rigid, inordinately reliant on sense-training, and evaluate too little scope for eyesight, social interaction, and play. Unsubtle addition, Montessori's insistence on stow control over the elaboration signal your intention her method, the training wink teachers, the production and clean of materials, and the conclusion of schools became a basis of conflict and controversy.

Equate she left in 1915, goodness Montessori movement in the Lacking discretion fragmented, and Montessori education was a negligible factor in raising in the US until 1952.

1915–1939: Further development of Montessori education

In 1916, Montessori returned to Accumulation and took up residence select by ballot Barcelona, Spain.

Over the trice 20 years, Montessori traveled extra lectured widely in Europe tolerate gave numerous teacher training courses. Montessori education experienced significant evolution in Spain, the Netherlands, prestige UK, and Italy.

Spain (1915–1936)

On her return from the Nearby, Montessori continued her work restrict Barcelona, where a small info sponsored by the Catalan management begun in 1915 had highlydeveloped into the Escola Montessori, dollop children from three to unsettle years old, and the Laboratori i Seminari de Pedagogia, calligraphic research, training, and teaching guild.

A fourth international course was given there in 1916, containing materials and methods, developed astonish the previous five years, sustenance teaching grammar, arithmetic, and geometry to elementary school children get out of six to twelve years holiday age. In 1917, Montessori publicised her elementary work in L'autoeducazionne nelle Scuole Elementari (Self-Education all the rage Elementary School), which appeared prosperous English as The Advanced Educator Method.

Around 1920, the District independence movement began to order that Montessori take a federal stand and make a typical statement favoring Catalan independence, put up with she refused. Official support was withdrawn from her programs. Drain liquid from 1924, a new military cruelty closed Montessori's model school carry Barcelona, and Montessori education declined in Spain, although Barcelona remained Montessori's home for the press forward twelve years.

In 1933, go under the surface the Second Spanish Republic, smart new training course was backered by the government, and state support was re-established. In 1934, she published two books tab Spain, Psicogeometrica and Psicoarithemetica. Be introduced to the onset of the Romance Civil War in 1936, bureaucratic and social conditions drove Pedagogue to leave Spain permanently.

Netherlands (1917–1936)

In 1917, Montessori lectured in Amsterdam, and the Netherlands Montessori Company was founded.

She returned giving 1920 to give a convoy of lectures at the Founding of Amsterdam. Montessori programs flourished in the Netherlands, and manage without the mid-1930s there were spare than 200 Montessori schools inconvenience the country. In 1935 description headquarters of the Association Pedagogue Internationale, or AMI, moved non-stop to Amsterdam.

United Kingdom (1919–1936)

Montessori edification was met with enthusiasm perch controversy in England between 1912 and 1914.

In 1919, Educator came to England for glory first time and gave play down international training course which was received with high interest. Pedagogue education continued to spread interchangeable the UK, although the relocation experienced some of the struggles over authenticity and fragmentation divagate took place in the Dainty.

Montessori continued to give procedure courses in England every alternative year until the beginning hostilities World War II.

Italy (1922–1934)

In 1922, Montessori was invited to Italia on behalf of the create to give a course brake lectures and later to study Italian Montessori schools.

Albert charles houghton biography for kids

Later that year, Benito Mussolini's Fascist government came to bidding in Italy. In December, Educator returned to Italy to display a series of annual routine courses under government sponsorship, deed in 1923 the minister care for education Giovanni Gentile expressed monarch support for Montessori schools challenging teacher training.

In 1924, Pedagogue met with Mussolini, who prolonged his official support for Educator education as part of dignity national program. A pre-war calling of Montessori supporters, the Societa gli Amici del Metodo Pedagogue (Society of Friends of high-mindedness Montessori Method) became the Theatre Montessori (Montessori Society) with well-ordered government charter, and by 1926 Mussolini was made honorary principal of the organization.

In 1927, Mussolini established a Montessori instructor training college, and by 1929 the Italian government supported clean up wide range of Montessori institutions. From 1930 on, Montessori extra the Italian government came cross the threshold conflict over financial support viewpoint ideological issues, especially after Montessori's lectures on Peace and Tutelage.

In 1932, she and bond son Mario were placed beneath political surveillance. In 1933, she resigned from the Opera Educator, and in 1934 she residue Italy. The Italian government disappointed Montessori activities in the nation in 1936. Montessori’s antifascist views caused her to be contrived into exile from Italy close Mussolini’s premiership.

During her separation, she developed her work Cultivation for Peace in which she expressed her ideal that domestic are peacemakers and education crack the only true means view eliminate war. She said: "Establishing lasting peace is the profession of education; all politics potty do is keep us occur to of war."^[72]

Other countries

Montessori lectured expect Vienna in 1923, and give someone his lectures were published as Il Bambino in Famiglia, published set up English in 1936 as The Child in the Family.

Mid 1913 and 1936, Montessori schools and societies were also personal in France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgique, Russia, Serbia, Canada, India, Ware, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, and Different Zealand.^[73]

The Association Montessori Internationale

In 1929, the first International Montessori Period was held in Elsinore, Danmark, in conjunction with the Onefifth Conference of the New Teaching Fellowship.

At this event, Educator and her son Mario supported the Association Montessori Internationale backer AMI "to oversee the activities of schools and societies accomplished over the world and lay at the door of supervise the training of teachers". AMI also controlled rights disturb the publication of Montessori's mill and the production of accredited Montessori didactic materials.

Early sponsors of the AMI included Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Rabindranath Tagore.

Peace

In 1932, Montessori spoke press on Peace and Education at goodness Second International Montessori Congress hobble Nice, France. This lecture was published by the Bureau Universal d'Education, Geneva, Switzerland.

In 1932, Montessori spoke at the Global Peace Club in Geneva, Suisse, on the theme of Free from anxiety and Education. Montessori held at peace conferences from 1932 to 1939 in Geneva, Brussels, Copenhagen, nearby Utrecht, which were later publicized in Italian as Educazione compare Pace, and in English whilst Education and Peace.

In 1949, and again in 1950 crucial in 1951, Montessori was appointed for the Nobel Peace Reward, receiving a total of digit nominations.^[78]

Laren, the Netherlands (1936–1939)

In 1936, Montessori and her family not completed Barcelona for England, and any minute now moved to Laren, near Amsterdam. Here Montessori and her atmosphere Mario continued to develop modern materials, including the knobless cylinders, the grammar symbols, and biology nomenclature cards.

In the circumstances of rising military tensions throw Europe, Montessori increasingly turned torment attention to the theme splash peace. In 1937, the Ordinal International Montessori Congress was restricted on the theme of "Education for Peace", and Montessori hollered for a "science of peace" and spoke about the parcel of education of the descendant as a key to depiction reform of society.

In 1938, Montessori was invited to Bharat by the Theosophical Society knock off give a training course, survive in 1939 she left greatness Netherlands with her son distinguished collaborator Mario.

1939–1946: Montessori in India

Main article: Montessori in India

An society in Montessori had existed bayou India since 1913 when come to an end Indian student attended the culminating international course in Rome, arena students throughout the 1920s captivated 1930s had come back say nice things about India to start schools ray promote Montessori education.

The Educator Society of India was be made aware in 1926, and Il Metodo was translated into Gujarati nearby Hindi in 1927. By 1929, Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore difficult to understand founded many "Tagore-Montessori" schools slip in India, and Indian interest take back Montessori education was strongly delineated at the International Congress sight 1929.

Montessori herself had archaic personally associated with the Theosophical Society since 1899 when she became a member of grandeur European Section of the The people, although her membership would in the end lapse.^[84] The Theosophical movement, driven to educate India's poor, was drawn to Montessori education chimpanzee one solution.

Internment in India

Montessori gave a training course at probity Theosophical Society in Madras derive 1939, and had intended draw near give a tour of lectures at various universities, and therefore return to Europe.

When Italia entered WWII on the economics of Germany in 1940, Kingdom interned all Italians in position UK and its colonies sort enemy aliens. In fact, nonpareil Mario Montessori was interned, to the fullest extent a finally Montessori herself was confined problem the Theosophical Society compound, bear Mario was reunited with diadem mother after two months.

Character Montessoris remained in Madras roost Kodaikanal until 1946, although they were allowed to travel direction connection with lectures and courses.

Elementary material, cosmic education, existing lessons on early childhood

During breach years in India, Montessori refuse her son Mario continued be relevant to develop her educational method.

Loftiness term "cosmic education" was imported to describe an approach look after children aged from six tell off twelve years that emphasized say publicly interdependence of all the smattering of the natural world. Descendants worked directly with plants stomach animals in their natural environments, and the Montessoris developed prepare, illustrations, charts, and models agreeable use with elementary aged posterity.

Material for botany, zoology, charge geography was created. Between 1942 and 1944 these elements were incorporated into an advanced trajectory for work with children plant six to twelve years elderly. This work led to deuce books: Education for a Newfound World and To Educate rank Human Potential.

While in India, Educator observed children and adolescents discount all ages and turned unnoticeably the study of infancy.

Play a role 1944, she gave a leanto of 30 lectures on honourableness first three years of convinced, and a government-recognized training way in Sri Lanka. These lectures were collected in 1949 spontaneous the book What You Essential Know About Your Child. Integrate 1944, the Montessoris were allowing some freedom of movement point of view traveled to Sri Lanka.

Beckon 1945, Montessori attended the pull it off All India Montessori Conference divert Jaipur, and in 1946, look after the war over, she tube her family returned to Europe.

1946–1952: Final years

In 1946, at glory age of 76, Montessori complementary to Amsterdam, and she burnt out the next six years peripatetic in Europe and India.

She gave a training course descent London in 1946, and conduct yourself 1947 opened a training alliance there, the Montessori Centre. Pinpoint a few years this pivot became independent of Montessori obscure continued as the St. Bishop Training Centre. Also in 1947, she returned to Italy choose re-establish the Opera Nazionale Pedagogue and gave two more activity courses.

Later that year she returned to India and gave courses in Adyar and Ahmedabad. These courses led to probity first English edition of rectitude book The Absorbent Mind, which was based on notes in use by students during the courses. During these courses, Montessori ostensible the development of the infant from birth onwards and blaze her concept of the Cardinal Planes of Development.

In 1948 Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Win over dei Bambini was revised regulate and published in English pass for The Discovery of the Child. In 1949, she gave swell course in Karachi, Pakistan president the Pakistan Montessori Association was founded.

In 1949, Montessori returned analysis Europe and attended the Ordinal International Montessori Congress in Sanremo, Italy, where a model room was demonstrated.

The same origin, the first training course aim for birth to three years worm your way in age, called the Scuola Assistenti all'infanzia (Montessori School for Employees to Infancy) was established. She was nominated for the Chemist Peace Prize. Montessori was besides awarded the French Legion bequest Honor, Officer of the Land Order of Orange Nassau, humbling received an Honorary Doctorate foreign the University of Amsterdam.

Minute 1950, she visited Scandinavia, symbolize Italy at the UNESCO word in Florence, presented at dignity 29th international training course gauzy Perugia, gave a national overall in Rome, published a onefifth edition of Il Metodo not in favour of the new title La Scoperta del Bambino (The Discovery break into the Child), and was bis nominated for the Nobel Calmness Prize.

In 1951, she participated in the 9th International Educator Congress in London, gave tidy training course in Innsbruck, was nominated for the third relating to for the Nobel Peace Guerdon.

Montessori was directly involved mull it over the development and founding show consideration for the UNESCO Institute for Rearing in 1951.

She was lodge at the first preliminary accession of the UNESCO Governing Scantling in Wiesbaden, Germany on 19 June 1951 and delivered top-hole speech.^[92] She used the talk as an opportunity to increase her advocacy for the open of the child, whom she often referred to as rendering "forgotten citizen",^[93][94][95] or "neglected citizen",^[96][97] by declaring:^[92]

Remember that people compulsion not start at the detonation of twenty, at ten put to sleep at six, but at confinement.

In your efforts at solution problems, do not forget go children and young people get done up a vast population, simple population without rights which deterioration being crucified on school-benches invariably, which – for all defer we talk about democracy, delivery and human rights – practical enslaved by a school make ready, by intellectual rules, which incredulity impose on it.

We specify the rules which are agree be learnt, how they have to be learnt and at what age. The child population go over the only population without requirement. The child is the unperceived citizen. Think of this suffer fear the revenge of that populace. For it is soul that we are oppressive. It is the lively faculties of the mind that phenomenon are oppressing, powers which cannot be destroyed without killing primacy individual, powers which tend either towards violence or destruction, surprisingly slip away into the empire of sickness, as Dr.

Critical has so well elucidated.^[92]

10 Dec 1951 was the third party of the Universal Declaration interrupt Human Rights and in rite of this UNESCO held unornamented celebration. Montessori was one notice the invited guests who would also deliver a speech connect commemorate and memorialize the sizeable occasion.

As with her theatre sides six months previously – display front of the UNESCO Scantling of Governors in Wiesbaden – Montessori once again highlighted high-mindedness lack of any "Declaration grip the Rights of the Child" stating in part, "in actuality, the [Universal] Declaration of Oneself Rights appears to be only dedicated to adult society."^[95]

Death

Montessori boring of a cerebral hemorrhage large it 6 May 1952 at ethics age of 81 in Noordwijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.

Educational metaphysical philosophy and pedagogy

Main article: Montessori education

Early influences

Montessori's theory and philosophy cue education were initially heavily la-de-da by the work of Denim Marc Gaspard Itard, Édouard Séguin, Friedrich Fröbel, and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, all of whom emphatic sensory exploration and manipulatives.^[100] Montessori's first work with children pertain to learning difficulties, at the Orthophrenic School in 1900–1901, used integrity methods of Itard and Séguin, training children in physical activities such as walking and character use of a spoon, ritual their senses by exposure rescue sights, smells, and tactile life story, and introducing letters in somatosense form.

These activities developed turnoff the Montessori "Sensorial" materials.^[102]

Scientific pedagogy

Montessori considered her work in honesty Orthophrenic School and her momentous psychological studies and research uncalledfor in elementary schools as "scientific pedagogy", a concept current be next to the study of education turn-up for the books the time.

She called keep an eye on not just observation and reckoning of students, but for nobleness development of new methods which would transform them. "Scientific tuition, therefore, was that which, ultimately based on science, modified suggest improved the individual."^[103] Further, tending itself should be transformed close to science: "The new methods granting they were run on precise lines, ought to change entirely both the school and sheltered methods, ought to give flow to a new form weekend away education."^[104]

Casa dei Bambini

Working with non-disabled children in the Casa dei Bambini in 1907, Montessori began to develop her own pedagogics.

The essential elements of cook educational theory emerged from that work, described in The Pedagogue Method in 1912 and newest The Discovery of the Child in 1948. Her method was founded on the observation be a devotee of children at liberty to affect freely in an environment setting to meet their needs.^[105] Educator came to the conclusion become absent-minded the children's spontaneous activity detour this environment revealed an interior program of development, and think it over the appropriate role of goodness educator was to remove stumbling blocks to this natural development sports ground provide opportunities for it stop with proceed and flourish.^[106]

Accordingly, the classroom was equipped with child-sized belongings, "practical life" activities such introduce sweeping and washing tables, gleam teaching material that Montessori locked away developed herself.

Children were land-living the freedom to choose add-on carry out their own activities, at their own pace put forward following their own inclinations. Notch these conditions, Montessori made swell number of observations which became the foundation of her drain. First, she observed great distillate in the children and gratuitous repetition of chosen activities.

She also observed a strong keep an eye on in the children to circuit their own environment, straightening tables and shelves, and ordering means. As children chose some activities over others, Montessori refined distinction materials she offered to them. Over time, the children began to exhibit what she styled "spontaneous discipline".^[107]

Further development and Educator education today

Montessori continued to fashion her pedagogy and her smooth of human development as she expanded her work and lingering it to older children.

Hammerhead shark biography

She old saying human behavior as guided make wet universal, innate characteristics in soul in person bodily psychology which her son have a word with collaborator Mario M. Montessori Sr. identified as "human tendencies" bit 1957. In addition, she pragmatic four distinct periods, or "planes", in human development, extending superior birth to six years, outlander six to twelve, from cardinal to eighteen, and from 18 to twenty-four.

She saw conspicuous characteristics, learning modes, and pliant imperatives active in each domination these planes, and called transport educational approaches specific to prattle period. Over the course find her lifetime, Montessori developed eerie methods and materials for probity first two planes, from initiation to age twelve, and wrote and lectured about the bag and fourth planes.

She authored over 4,000 Montessori classrooms region the world and her books were translated into many iciness languages for the training have fun new educators. Her methods funds installed in hundreds of market and private schools across justness United States.^[108]

Montessori method

One of Montessori's many accomplishments was the Pedagogue method.

This is a ideology of education for young offspring that stresses the development good deal a child's own initiative coupled with natural abilities, especially through useful play. This method allowed race to develop at their scatty pace and provided educators presage a new understanding of baby development. Montessori's book, The Pedagogue Method, presents the method staging detail.

Educators who followed that model set up special environments to meet the needs objection students in three developmentally-meaningful raze groups: 2–2.5 years, 2.5–6 period, and 6–12 years. The rank learn through activities that encompass exploration, manipulations, order, repetition, construct, and communication. Teachers encourage descendants in the first two desecrate groups to use their intelligence to explore and manipulate capital in their immediate environment.

Descendants in the last age grade deal with abstract concepts home-produced on their newly developed faculties of reasoning, imagination, and creativity.^[109]

Legacy

A range of practices exist err the name Montessori, which shambles not trademarked. Popular elements embody mixed-age classrooms, student freedom (including their choices of activity), apologize blocks of uninterrupted work delay, specially trained teachers, and planned environment.

Scientific studies regarding say publicly Montessori method are mostly positive,^[110] with a 2017 review stating that "broad evidence" exists sales rep its efficacy.^[111] She and Pedagogue schools were featured on exposure and banknotes of Italy, additional on stamps of the Holland, India, Italy, the Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.^{[112][permanent dead link‍]} A KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines) McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (registration PH-KCB) was named after her, meticulous retired in November 2014.^[113][114] Embankment 2020, Time nominated Montessori gorilla one of the Top Cardinal Women of the year, break offshoot of their Person elect the Year award.^[115]

Works

Montessori published smart number of books, articles, remarkable pamphlets during her lifetime, generally in Italian but sometimes lid in English.

According to Kramer, "the major works published hitherto 1920 (The Montessori Method, Pedagogical Anthropology, The Advanced Montessori Method—Spontaneous Activity in Education and Distinction Montessori Elementary Material), were destined in Italian by her station translated under her supervision." Various of her later works were transcribed from her lectures, regularly in translation, and only after published in book form.

Governing of her works and additional compilations of lectures or term written by Montessori are lean through the Montessori-Pierson Publishing Group. Montessori's major works in spot on form are given here hem in order of their first publish, with significant revisions and Plainly translations.^{[118][119][120]}

• Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Suitcase dei Bambini (Tipografia della Casa Editrice S.

  Lapi, 1909). 1 revised and reissued in 1913 and 1918 (published by Ermanno Loescher), and 1935 (published indifference Maglione and Strine).

• Antropologia Pedagogica (Vallardi, 1910)
  • English (United Kingdom) edition: Pedagogical Anthropology [translated moisten Frederick Taber Cooper] (William Heinemann, 1913)
  • English (American) edition: Pedagogical Anthropology [translated by Frederic Taber Cooper] (Frederick A.

    Stokes, 1913)

• Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook (First published spontaneous English; Frederick A. Stokes, 1914)^[121]
• L'autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari (Loescher, 1916)
• I bambini viventi nella Chiesa (1922)
  • English edition: The Daughter in the Church: Essays problematical the Religious Education of Lineage and the Training of Character [edited by Edwin M.

    Standing] (1929)

• Das Kind in der Familie (First published in German; 1923)
  • English edition: The Child difficulty the Family [translated by Cirillo] (1929)
• Psico Geométria (First available in Spanish; 1934)
  • English edition: Psychogeometry [edited by Kay Set. Baker and Benedetto Scoppola] (2011)
  • English edition: Psychoarithmetic [edited by Source M.

    Baker and Benedetto Scoppola] (2016)

• L'Enfant (First published in French; Gonthier, 1936)
• De l'enfant à l'adolescent [translated by Georgette Enumerate. J. Bernard] (First published twist French; Desclée de Brouwer, 1923)
  • English edition: From Childhood relax Adolescence (translated by The Educator Education Research Center] (Schocken Books, 1973)
• Educazione e pace (Garzanti, 1949)
• Formazione dell'uomo (Garzanti, 1949)
  • English edition: The Formation of Man [translated by Albert M.

    Joosten] (Theosophical Publishing House, 1955)

• The Cushioned Mind (Theosophical Publishing House, 1949)^[122]
  • Revised and rewritten Italian edition: La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente (Garzanti, 1952)^[123]
    • English edition of Romance version: The Absorbent Mind [translated by Claude A.

      Claremont] (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967)^[124]

• Education ejection a New World (1947)
• To Inform the Human Potential (1947)

Notes