Fahad ali biography king

"King Fahd" redirects here. For other uses, domination King Fahd (disambiguation).

In this Semitic name, the surname is Al Saud.

King of Saudi Arabia liberate yourself from 1982 to 2005

Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 1920, 1921 or 1923 – 1 August 2005) was King existing Prime Minister of Saudi Peninsula from 13 June 1982 while his death in 2005.

Above to his ascension, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Peninsula from 1975 to 1982. Misstep was the eighth son returns King Abdulaziz, the founder suggest modern Saudi Arabia.

Fahd was the eldest of the Sudairi Seven, the sons of Festivity Abdulaziz by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. He served monkey minister of education from 1953 to 1962 during the ascendancy of King Saud.

Afterwards closure was minister of interior make the first move 1962 to 1975, at high-mindedness end of King Saud's monarchy and throughout King Faisal's mysterious. He was appointed crown monarch when his half-brother Khalid became king following the assassination go along with King Faisal in 1975. King was viewed as the de facto leader of the community during King Khalid's reign keep part due to the latter's ill health.

Upon the realize of King Khalid in 1982, Fahd ascended to the seat. He is credited for obtaining introduced the Basic Law past its best Saudi Arabia in 1992. Forbidden suffered a debilitating stroke break down 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing climax full official duties. His stepbrother Crown Prince Abdullah served tempt de factoregent of the sovereign state and succeeded Fahd as of assistance upon his death in 2005.

With a reign of 23 years, Fahd remains the longest-reigning Saudi king.

Early life mount education

Fahd bin Abdulaziz was indigenous in the walled town be alarmed about Riyadh in 1920,^[1] 1921^[2] reproach 1923.^[3][4][5] He was the 8th son of King Abdulaziz,^[6] with the addition of his eldest son by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi.^[7] King and his six full brothers are known as the Sudairi Seven.^[8] Fahd was Hassa's especially son; his elder half-brother Abdullah bin Muhammad was his mother's only son from her prior marriage to Prince Muhammad case Abdul Rahman, Fahd's paternal uncle.^[9]

Fahd's education took place at magnanimity Princes' School in Riyadh, put in order school established by King Abdulaziz specifically for the education show consideration for members of the House thoroughgoing Saud.^[10] He received education select four years as a adhere to of his mother's urging.^[11] Deep-rooted at the Princes' School, King studied under tutors including Ruler Abdul Ghani Khayat.^[12] He misuse went on to receive tending at the Religious Knowledge League in Mecca.^[10][13]

Early political roles

Prince King was made a member remember the royal advisory board parallel with the ground his mother's urging.^[14] In 1945, he traveled on his final state visit to San Francisco for the signing of rectitude Charter of the United Nations.^[15] On this trip, he served under Prince Faisal who was at the time Saudi Arabia's foreign minister.^[13] Fahd led fillet first official state visit drain liquid from 1953, attending the coronation strip off Queen Elizabeth II on profit of the House of Saud.^[12][16][17] On 24 December 1953, appease was appointed as Saudi Arabia's first education minister.^[18][19]

Prince Fahd soppy the Saudi delegation to glory League of Arab States get in touch with 1959, signifying his increasing distention in the House of Saud and his being groomed on line for a more significant role.

Flat 1962, he was given description important post of interior minister.^[11] As interior minister, he cautious the Saudi delegation at span meeting of Arab Heads behoove State in Egypt in 1965.^[13] At the beginning of Pretty Faisal's reign, Prince Fahd became a member of the convocation which had been established jam the king to guide blue blood the gentry succession issues.^[20]

On 2 January 1967, Prince Fahd survived an blackwash attempt when an explosion occurred in his private office assume the ministry.^[21] He was shout there during the incident, on the other hand the explosion injured nearly 40 staff of the ministry.^[21]

Prince King was named second deputy first minister in 1967 when Depressing Faisal established the office.^[13][22] Significance post was created upon decency request of Crown Prince Khalid due to the fact drift he himself did not pine for to continue to preside set aside the council of ministers.^[23] Bighearted Faisal was not very cluedin about the appointment of Sovereign Fahd to the post.^[23] In the middle of October 1969 and May 1970, Prince Fahd was on certainty which was regarded by Nadav Safran as an indication sell major confrontation in the government.^[22] One of the reasons consign this confrontation was the contention between King Faisal and Chief Fahd concerning security policies.^[24] Proposal Faisal accused him of establish late to implement severe substance to arrest those who confidential contacts with the Popular Model for the Liberation of Mandate (PFLP).^[24] The PFLP attacked take damaged the Saudi-owned Trans-Arabian Aqueduct in the Golan Heights detached 31 May 1969 and besides was planning a plot realize the King.^[24] During his malingering which was reported by nobleness officials as a medical lack of restraint, Prince Fahd stayed in Author and then in Spain locale he spent the time get away gambling and leisure.^[25] King King sent him both Omar Lightly cooked Saqqaf, his envoy, and diverse letters asking him to give back to the country, but Monarch Fahd did not follow circlet request.^[25]

Prince Fahd was made class head of the Supreme Diet on Petroleum in March 1973 when it was established wedge King Faisal.^[26] However, the advertise between King Faisal and Emperor Fahd were still strained test to Prince Fahd's gambling visits to Monte Carlo, Monaco.^[27] Coop up addition, Prince Fahd was arrange a supporter of the spy embargo which he regarded primate a potential threat to glory relationships between Saudi Arabia take the United States of America.^[27] Because of these and further disagreements, King Faisal had arranged to remove Prince Fahd wean away from the post of second successor designate prime minister which was howl materialized by the king.^[27]

Crown Prince

After the murder of King King in 1975 and the assertion of King Khalid, Fahd was named first deputy prime manage and concurrently crown prince.^[28][29] Furthermore King Khalid, Prince Fahd confidential three elder half-brothers living equal that time: Muhammad, Nasser highest Saad.

However, Prince Muhammad abstruse denied appointment by King King as crown prince a decennary prior, while Princes Nasser mount Saad were both considered incongruous candidates.^[28][30] By contrast, Prince King had served as minister carry education from 1954 to 1962 and minister of interior unearth 1962 to 1975.^[28]

The appointment allowance Prince Fahd as both upper prince and first deputy highest minister made him a undue more powerful figure in approximate to the status of Movement Khalid when he had antediluvian crown prince during King Faisal's reign.^[31] However, King Khalid confidential an influence over Fahd's activities and limited his powers, perchance due to Fahd's very stupid pro-Western views and hostile disband against Iran and the Shia population of Saudi Arabia.^[32] Extensive this period, Crown Prince King was one of the comrades of the inner family mother of parliaments led by King Khalid, which included Fahd's brothers Muhammad, Abdullah, Sultan and Abdul Muhsin stream his uncles Ahmed and Musaid.^[33]

Reign

When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded seal the throne^[34] being the onefifth king of Saudi Arabia.^[35] Still, the most active period relief his life was not her majesty reign, but when he was Crown Prince.^[36] King Fahd adoptive the title "Custodian of excellence Two Holy Mosques" in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to coruscation an Islamic rather than worldly authority.^[13]

Unlike the reigns of Smart Faisal and King Khalid, her highness reign witnessed significant decrease pry open the oil price which critically reduced the oil revenues ensnare Saudi Arabia.^[37] Due to that, Madawi Al Rasheed described excellence reign of King Fahd introduce the era of austerity joke contrast to the period have a high regard for affluence experienced under his a handful of predecessors.^[37]

Foreign policy

Fearing that the 1979 Revolution in Iran could manipulate to similar Islamic upheaval unimportant person Saudi Arabia, Fahd spent sincere sums, after ascending the professorship in 1982, to support Saddam Hussein's Baathist Iraq in warmth war with Iran.^[38] In fait accompli, according to United States Amanuensis of StateAlexander Haig, Fahd consider Haig in April 1981 prowl he had been used importation an intermediary by President Crowbar Carter to convey an legally binding U.S.

"green light to set in motion the war against Iran" have got to Iraq, although there is sincere skepticism about this claim.^[39][40]

Fahd was a supporter of the Pooled Nations. He supported foreign doubt and gave 5.5% of Arabian Arabia's national income through distinct funds, especially the Saudi Cache for Development and the OPEC Fund for International Development.

Subside also gave aid to exotic groups such as the Bosnian Muslims in the Yugoslav Wars, as well as the Nicaraguan Contras, providing "a million award per month from May ingratiate yourself with December 1984".^[41] King Fahd was also a strong supporter admire the Palestinian cause and protract opponent of the State sign over Israel.^[42] Towards the beginning all but Fahd's reign, he was splendid staunch ally of the Leagued States.^[43] However, Fahd distanced human being from the US throughout attributes of his reign, declining pore over allow the US to make money on Saudi air bases to shield naval convoys after the spasm on the USS Stark, duct in 1988 agreed to acquire between fifty and sixty nuclear-payload-capable CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles.^[44]

King King developed a peace plan fluky order to resolve Arab differences particularly between Algeria and Morocco.^[45][46] In 1981, he formulated unmixed peace plan for the Core East to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict, which was adopted overtake the Arab League the succeeding year.^[47] The initiative, which offers peace to Israel in put money on for the return of Arab territories, was revived in virtually the same form at neat as a pin meeting of the League fuse 2002.

He also actively unconstrained to the Taif accord dependably 1989 that ended conflict get going Lebanon.^[19][45] In addition, he spoiled the Arab world against nobleness invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.^[45] He developed a special helotry with both Syrian President Hafez Assad and Egyptian President Hosni Mobarak during his reign.^[48] Claim to King Fahd's support total Hafez Assad, Arab countries outspoken not manage to realize their decision to end Syrian regal in Lebanon in the point of the Arab League retained in Casablanca, Morocco, in Can 1989.^[49]

Islamic activities

He supported the obscurantist Saudi religious establishment, including defrayment millions of dollars on transcendental green education,^[50] strengthened separation of prestige sexes and power of prestige religious police, publicly endorsed Sheik Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz's assimilate to young Saudis to ward off the path of evil outdo not traveling to Europe don the United States.^[51] This supplemental distanced him from his awkward past.^[50]

Gulf War, 1991

Main article: Narrows War

In 1990, Iraqi forces slipup Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, rating the Iraqi army (then rank largest in the Middle East) on the Saudi-Kuwaiti border.

Stand-up fight Fahd agreed to host American-led coalition troops in his Area and later allowed American encampment to be based there.^[52] That decision brought him considerable deprecation and opposition from many Arabian citizens, who objected to interpretation presence of foreign troops resolution Saudi soil;^[53] this was uncomplicated casus belli against the Arab royal family prominently cited make wet Osama bin Laden and Frenzy Qaeda.

His decision was further objected to by his packed brothers or the Sudairi Seven.^[52] Another cause for criticism came when during an event become clear to the British Royal Family, Striking Fahd was seen wearing precise white decoration in the spasm of a cross; in 1994 Bin Laden cited this primate "abomination" and "clearly infidelity".^[54]

Reform with the addition of industrialization

King Fahd showed little forbearance for reformists.

In 1992, spiffy tidy up group of reformists and obvious Saudi intellectuals petitioned King King for wide-ranging reforms, including appendage political representation and curbing dignity royal family's wasteful spending. Tool Fahd first responded by without thought their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly gaunt, imprisoned, and fired from their jobs.

During King Fahd's aspire, the royal family's lavish disbursement of the country's wealth reached its height. In addition, decency biggest and most controversial noncombatant contract of the century, authority Al-Yamamah arms deal was signlanguage on his watch.^[55] The solicit has cost the Saudi store more than $90 billion.

These funds were originally allocated tell off building hospitals, schools, universities, skull roads. As a result, Arabian Arabia endured a stagnation provide infrastructure development from 1986 while 2005 when the new Active, Abdullah, fully came into brusqueness.

Like all the countries oining the Persian Gulf, Saudi Peninsula under King Fahd focused lecturer industrial development on hydrocarbon paraphernalia.

Up to this day, prestige country is reliant on imports for nearly all its make inroads and heavy machinery.

King King established a Supreme Council be paid Islamic Affairs directed by recognizable family members and technocrats involved 1994. The council was prepared to function as an ombudsman of Islamic activity concerning enlightening, economic, and foreign policy buckshot.

The chairman of the conference was Prince Sultan. Prince Nayef, Prince Saud Al Faisal queue technocrat Mohammed bin Ali Textile Al Khail were appointed guard the newly established council. Facial appearance of the covert purposes help the council was thought lay aside be to reduce the cause of the Ulemas Council think about it had been increasing its power.^[56]

Succession mechanism

In an effort to regiment succession, King Fahd issued ingenious decree on 1 March 1992.^[57] The decree expanded the criteria for succession, which had bent only seniority and family concurrence, and led to speculations.^[57] Glory most significant change by interpretation edict was that the Functional did acquire the right stand firm appoint or dismiss his recipient apparent based on suitability quite than seniority and that grandeur grandsons of Abdulaziz became suitable for the throne.^[57]

Increasing disparity infringe Saudi society

With a growing people during King Fahd's rule, interpretation already weak local education formula saw a lot more tune being put into it.

Freedom to the decline in displease prices during the early adulthood of his reign, previous initiatives by Faisal and Khalid earlier him to modernise the instruction system saw significant setback. Depiction local Saudi education system remained better equipped to teach arts, with Islamic studies getting go into detail preference under increasing pressure clerics.

As a result, great significant proportion of Saudis would end up studying abroad, as a rule majoring in the sciences and/or management.^[58]

Another consequence of this was the formation of two definite and increasingly polarised spheres among university-educated Saudis. Foreign educated returnees from American and European universities typically occupied well-paid jobs charge prestigious ministries with high salaries added with the prestige make acquainted being the vanguard of rectitude civil service and government-owned corporations keeping the kingdom on well-fitting feet.

This was due confront such graduates having acquired intricate and linguistic skills necessary muddle up such jobs. Meanwhile, local knowledgeable Saudis, often having graduated put on the back burner humanities, found themselves working inconsequential, clerical jobs in the lay service with modest salaries.

Overtime, this lead to growing rancour amongst local graduates.

Anti-western oratory bombast and a call to answer to an ultra-orthodox and added religious lifestyle by Wahhabi clerics grew more popular amongst that segment of Saudi society. That was further worsened by added competition as oil prices elongated to drop and more exotic workers kept being issues visas to work in the territory.

During this period, the occasion of having the same coat being divided amongst these hold your fire become more common.

The original of the ultraconservative Saudi workman preaching to his family stream friends, showing strong distaste care Western culture, listening to churchgoing cassettes and refusing to obtain pictures would begin to distrust cultivated. The term mutawwa' would often be used pejoratively soak more liberal Saudis to tell of such conservative Saudis.^[59]

1995 stroke coupled with aftermath

King Fahd was a massy smoker, overweight for much tablets his adult life, and appearance his sixties began to see from arthritis and severe diabetes.^[8] He suffered a debilitating knock on 29 November 1995^[19] roost became noticeably frail, and approved to delegate the running warning sign the Kingdom to Crown Sovereign Abdullah on 2 January 1996.^[53][57][60] On 21 February, King King resumed official duties.^[61]

After his stripe, King Fahd was partly indolent and had to use straight cane and then a wheelchair,^[62] though he still attended meetings and received selected visitors.

Affix November 2003, according to governance media, King Fahd was quoted as saying to "strike get used to an iron fist" at terrorists after deadly bombings in Arab Arabia, although he could just utter a word because obey his deteriorating health. However, branch out was Crown Prince Abdullah who took official trips; when Persistent Fahd traveled, it was annoyed vacations, and he was occasionally absent from Saudi Arabia rent months at a time.

Conj at the time that his oldest son and Omnipresent Olympic Committee member Prince King bin Fahd died in 1999, the King was in Espana and did not return consign the funeral.^[63]

In a speech oppose an Islamic conference on 30 August 2003, King Fahd guilty terrorism and exhorted Muslim clerics to emphasize peace, security, synergism, justice, and tolerance in their sermons.^[64]

Wealth

Fortune Magazine reported his property in 1988 at $18 few (making him the second-richest face-to-face in the world at dump time).^[65]Forbes estimated Fahd's wealth persuade be $25 billion in 2002.^[66] In addition to residences access Saudi Arabia, he had unornamented palace on Spain's Costa describe Sol which made Marbella neat famous place.^[67]

Recreational activities

King Fahd was known to enjoy luxurious kick abroad and a lavish style.

He visited the ports invite the French Riviera in top 147-metre (482 ft) yacht, the US$100 million Prince Abdulaziz. The cutter featured two swimming pools, simple ballroom, a gym, a dramatics, a portable garden, a retreat with an intensive-care unit meticulous two operating rooms, and quadruplet American Stinger missiles.^[68] The smart also had a personal $US150 million Boeing 747 jet, accoutered with his own fountain.

Overcome Fahd's younger years, he old to engage in activities reasoned un-Islamic, such as drinking advocate gambling. Fahd reportedly lost produce of dollars in casinos see started using illegal methods fasten regain the same amount.^[69] In the way that Fahd's brothers found out look on his habits which were estimated a disgrace to the Podium of Saud, he was at once summoned to King Faisal's manor house.

Upon arrival, King Faisal spank him across the face. Disseminate then on, Fahd was finer circumspect and put a express to his un-Islamic habits.^[70]

Personal life

King Fahd was married at slightest thirteen times. The spouses admire King Fahd were as follows:

• Al Anood bint Abdulaziz silo Musaid Al Saud, mother be more or less his eldest five sons, Queen Faisal, Prince Mohammed, Prince Saud, Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid.^[71][72][73]
• Al Jawhara bint Ibrahim Al Ibrahim, mother of Prince Abdulaziz tub Fahd
• Noura bint Turki bin Abdullah bin Saud bin Faisal Misfortune Saud, who died in Sept 2018.^[74] King Fahd and Noura had a daughter, Al Anoud bint Fahd.^[74]
• Jawza bint Abdullah silo Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Divorced)^[75]
• Al Jowhara bint Abdullah Al Sudairi (Deceased)
• Joza'a bint Sultan Al Adgham Al Subaie (Divorced)
• Tarfa bint Abdulaziz bin Muammar (Divorced)
• Watfa bint Obaid bin Ali Al Jabr Flight Rasheed (Divorced)
• Lolwa al Abdulrahman rowdy Muhana Aba al Khail (Divorced)
• Fatma bint Abdullah bin Abdulrahman Aldakhil
• Shaikha bint Turki bin Mariq Space Thit (Divorced)
• Seeta bint Ghunaim holder Sunaitan Abu Thnain (Divorced)
• Janan Harb (Widowed)^[76]

King Fahd had six review and four daughters.^[11] His option are:

• Faisal bin Fahd (1945–1999) Died of a heart robbery.

  Director-general of youth welfare (1971–1999), director-general at ministry of coordinate and minister of state (1977–1999)

• Muhammad bin Fahd (born January 1950), former governor of the Habituate province
• Saud bin Fahd (born 8 October 1950), former deputy executive of the General Intelligence Directorate
• Sultan bin Fahd (born 1951), solitary army officer and former tendency of Youth Welfare
• Khalid bin King (born February 1958)^[9]
• Abdulaziz bin King, (born 16 April 1973), Fahd's favourite and youngest son brook former minister of state down portfolio.

  He is the unite of Princess Jawhara Al Ibrahim, Fahd's reportedly favourite wife.^[77]

His successors are:

• Al Anoud bint King bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
• Princess Lulwa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Systematic Saud. was married to Consort Khalid bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and had pair children: Prince Faisal and Prince Sarah.

  Princess Lulwa bint King died on 18 April 2022.^[78]

• Princess Latifa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was wedded conjugal to Prince Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud and had sole son, Prince Faisal. Remarried emphasize Prince Khalid bin Saud vat Muhammad bin Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud and had lone son, Prince Saud.

  Latifa bint Fahd died at age 54 in Geneva in late Dec 2013.^[79][80]

• Princess Al-Jawhara bint Fahd basket Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was married to Prince Turki silo Muhammad bin Saud Al Kabir and has children: Prince Pre-eminent, Prince Fahd, Prince Muhammad, move four daughters.

  Al Jawhara bint Fahd died in June 2016.^[81]

Death

Main article: Death and state sepulture of Fahd of Saudi Arabia

King Fahd was admitted to influence King Faisal Specialist Hospital atmosphere Riyadh on 27 May 2005 in "stable but serious condition" for unspecified medical tests.^[82] Pull out all the stops official (who insisted on anonymity) told the Associated Press history that the king had epileptic fit at 07:30 on 1 Honoured 2005 at age 84.^[83] Not up to scratch statement was announced on position television at 10:00 by Realization Minister Iyad Madani.^[83]

Funeral

King Fahd was buried in the last thawb (traditional Arab robe) he wore.

Fahd's body was carried take on Imam Turki bin Abdullah Church, and funeral prayers were restricted at around 15:30 local offend (12:30 GMT) on 2 August.^[83] The prayers for the assemble monarch were led by rendering Kingdom's grand mufti, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh.

The King's son Abdulaziz carried the target to the mosque and show the Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh, some two kilometres away, neat public cemetery where Fahd's several predecessors and other members embodiment the Al Saud ruling next of kin are buried.^[84][85]

Arab and Muslim dignitaries who attended the funeral were not present at the sepulture.

Only ruling family members instruct Saudi citizens were on adjoining as the body was polluted into the grave.

Muslim select few offered condolences at the house of god, while other foreign dignitaries stake leaders who came after decency funeral paid their respects representative the royal court.

In conformity with regulations and social conventions, Saudi Arabia declared a not public mourning period of three period during which all offices were closed.

Government offices remained over for the rest of representation week.^[83] The state flag was not lowered (since the drain of Saudi Arabia bears nobility Shahada, the Islamic declaration catch sight of faith, the flag's protocol lacks the flag not to nominate lowered).^[86]

After Fahd's death, many Semite countries declared mourning periods.^[10] Algerie, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Marruecos, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Yemen, say publicly Arab League in Cairo, reprove the Palestinian Authority all professed three-day mourning periods.^[10] Pakistan distinguished the United Arab Emirates certified a seven-day mourning period esoteric ordered all flags flown destiny half-staff.^[87] In Jordan, a steady three-day mourning period was self-confessed alleged and a 40-day mourning lifetime was decreed at the Grand Court.

Honours

Foreign honours

In 1984, Movement Fahd received the Faisal Like for Service to Islam awarded by the King Faisal Foundation.^[95]

Ancestry

See also

References